![]() ![]() ![]() Another area processing reward is the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), which also is implicated in aggressive behaviors. When it comes to brain regions, those central for reward such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex appear central also for aggression. Īlthough vast signaling pathways have been identified as central for aggression in male rodents additional underlying pathways remain to be determined. Hence, preclinical studies exploring mechanisms central for aggressive behaviors in male mice are thus warranted in attempt to understand this complex disease. In humans, excessive overt aggression is associated with death, crimes, and drug use as well as contributes to the burden of various psychiatric disorders. As other neurobiological underpinnings most likely are central for aggression in these mice, males are often used in the resident intruder test. While laboratory female mice in general display no or mild aggression in this test, lactating or gestational female mice express a robust aggressive behavior. ![]() Therefore, the neurobiology of overt aggression is mostly studied in males or in male rodents using the resident intruder test. Besides, male gender is a high predictor of violent behaviors, and ~90% of all the convicted violent offenders are males. Importantly, men are physically whereas girls more indirectly aggressive and men rather than women show provocation-induced anger. While men and women are aggressive at a similar level, several sex-dependent differences exists. Overall, GLP-1 signaling suppresses acquisition of aggressive behaviors via central neurotransmission and additional studies exploring this link are warranted.Īggression is an evolutionary conserved innate social behavior, which is essential for the defense of limited resources like food and mates (for review see ref. In humans, there were no associations between polymorphisms of the GLP-1R genes and overt aggression. Indeed, the levels of aggression was similar in vehicle and Ex4 treated mice consuming HFD. As high-fat diet (HFD) impairs the responsiveness to GLP-1 on various behaviors the possibility that HFD blunts the ability of Ex4 to reduce aggressive behaviors was explored. Neurochemical and western blot studies further revealed that putative serotonergic and noradrenergic signaling in nucleus accumbens, specifically the shell compartment, may participate in the interaction between Ex4 and aggression. In male mice, repeated, but not acute, Ex4 treatment dose-dependently reduced aggressive behaviors. Associations of polymorphisms in GLP-1R genes and overt aggression in males of the CATSS cohort were assessed. Besides, possible mechanisms participating in the ability of Ex4 to reduce aggressive behaviors were evaluated. The influence of acute or repeated injections of a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, exendin-4 (Ex4), on aggressive behaviors was assessed in male mice exposed to the resident-intruder paradigm. Therefore, we investigated a tentative link between GLP-1 and aggressive behaviors by combining preclinical and human genetic-association studies. As the gut-brain hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) reduces food intake and sexual behaviors its potential role in aggressive behaviors is likely. Recent advances show that the gut-brain hormone ghrelin modulates aggressive behaviors. ![]() Aggression is a complex social behavior, which is provoked in the defense of limited resources including food and mates. ![]()
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